The results of our study indicated high rate of depression and anxiety in majority of families; in particular females. An online cross-sectional survey was conducted on 560 families through Google Form distributed via email, Whatsapp groups, Facebook, and LinkedIn from November 2020 to January 2021 during the pandemic period in Karachi through the snowball sampling technique. This study was supported by the UC Davis Behavioral Health Center of Excellence, Intramural grant.
Future research should evaluate these factors in relation to the family resilience model. However, racially diverse parents were grouped together and factors that are likely important, such as the strength of an individual’s cultural or ethnic identity were not examined. Future research should use a broad systems level approach to evaluate the utility of the FRM as a theoretical model and an individual predictor approach to isolate which factors are most relevant for family functioning.
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Because of COVID-19, parents have experienced increased stress and fear, which might have challenged their capacity for tolerance and for perspective planning. Additionally, there is a limited validity of information provided by proxy-respondents (Jensen et al., 1999; Looker, 1989) that are often not equivalent to that reported by both children with chronic health conditions and healthy children (Yeh et al., 2005; Vance et al., 2001). Self-report measures can generally be used with children who are old enough to understand and use self-report scales, are not overly distressed, or cognitively impaired (Riley, 2004). Although it is paramount to ask children to report on their own health to understand the trajectories of health and illness (Riley et al., 2004), it is also important to be sure that they comprehend the items and rating scales. Data on the consequences of pandemics show that most children have experienced psychological discomfort (Brazendale et al., 2017; Brooks et al., 2020; Jiao et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020). Living in poor households is a major risk factor for several mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders, as well as other developmental challenges and physical health problems (Pinderhughes et al., 2001).
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Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the reverse buffering effect of family support, which could inform interventions aimed at optimizing the benefits of social support for children during challenging times. The pandemic may have exacerbated this issue as parents sought to protect their children from the virus, which inadvertently increased their anxiety and stress levels. The reverse buffering effect of family support on children’s subjective well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic aligns with previous studies.
Effective emotion regulation strategies likely also contribute to parents’ abilities to cope with pandemic conditions (Prime et al., 2020). Early studies of pandemic effects showed that overall financial stress compromised family well-being during shelter-in-place (Gassman-Pines et al., 2020). It is also important to consider which factors predict thriving versus less positive family adjustment. Just as person-centered methodologies have been effective for furthering our understanding of how specific combinations of contextual risk relate to children’s behavioral development beyond cumulative risk exposure (Lanza and Cooper, 2016), these same approaches can potentially be applied to identifying profiles of thriving.
This time frame is particularly useful for studying family resilience because pandemic risk was still prevalent but by this phase of the pandemic families also had time to utilize their protective resources. With mental health concerns increasing during the pandemic in general (Pierce et al., 2020), families with higher initial levels of mental health concerns may be at a greater risk (Yang et al., 2020). Additionally, consistent with a family model of risk and resilience (e.g., Prime et al., 2020), it was hypothesized that there would be an interaction between COVID-19 stressors and pre-existing health vulnerabilities in paths between family protective factors, family vulnerability factors, and family adaptation. In the current study, greater exposure to COVID-19 stressors were hypothesized to be related to fewer current family protective factors, greater emotional vulnerability, and less family adaptation.
- However, parental financial support did not moderate the association between COVID‐19 financial impact due to COVID‐19 and financial wellbeing or positive outlook (Hypotheses 3a and 3b were not supported).
- Parents with more resources may experience more long-term logistical changes in their everyday lives (e.g., transition to work from home) but have the ability to make these changes, and in turn, may experience less stress about their children’s safety.
- Subsequently, a series of t tests for independent samples were performed to assess whether the sources of stress reported by parents because of the pandemic and lockdown differed between high- and low-SES households.
- The first-time mothers’ experiences of parental support during the COVID-19 pandemic can be described as a gap between the needs for parental support and the support provided.
- The measure is composed of 12 items, such as “Since the beginning of theCOVID-19 pandemic, have you felt closer with your family?
We note that you have stated that you will provide repository information for your data at acceptance. If 2025 US Tornadoes and Severe Storms relief you will need more time than this to complete your revisions, please reply to this message or contact the journal office at I agree with the reviewers’ comments that this study is very interesting and dealing with one of the important issues of COVID-19. Parenting quality and household needs during the COVID-19 pandemic
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